Types of intrest groups

https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/types-of-interest-groups-49/

Types of intrest group

http://m.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/interest-groups/section1.rhtml

Sleep

- a state of conciousness
- less aware of our surroundings
- Conscious
- Subconscious
- Unconscious

Biological Rhythms
- Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, season affective disorder)
- 28 days: menstrual cycle
- 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm
- 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles

Circadian Rhythm
- 24 biological clock
- body temp and awareness changes throughout the day

Sleep Stages
- 5 identified stages
- 90 to 100 mins to pass through the stages
- Brains waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in
- First four are known as NREM sleep
- The fifth stage is called REM sleep



Stage 1
- Kind of awake and kind of asleep
- Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night
- Eyes begin to roll slightly
- Your brain produces Theta Waves (high amp, low frequency) (slow)

Stage 2
- This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep
- This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep
- More Theta Waves that get progressively slower
- Begin to show sleep spindles.. short bursts of rapid brain waves

Stage 3 and 4
- Slow wave sleep
- You produce Delta waves
- If awoken you will be very groggy
- Vital for restoring body's growth hormones and good overall health

Stage 5: REM Sleep
- Rapid Eye Movement
- Often called paradoxical sleep
- Brain is very active
- Dreams usually occur in REM
- Body is essentially paralyzed
- Composes 20-25% of a normal nights sleep
- Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken
- Vivid dreams can occur
- From REM, you go back to Stage 2

Learning

How do we learn?
- Most is associative learning
- certain events occur together

Three Main types
- Classical conditioning / operant conditioning
- Observational learning / latent learning
- Abstract learning / insight learning

Classical
- Started with Ivan Pavlov
- 5 critical terms
1. acquisition
2. extinction
3. spontaneous recovery
4. generalization
5. discrimination

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Unconditioned response (UCR)
- the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS

Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response

Conditioned Response (CR)
- the learned response to a previous stimulus

Acquisition
- Initial stage of learning
- Phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR thus becoming the CS
- Does timing matter?
-- CS should come before the UCS
-- They should be very close in timing

Extinction
- The diminishing if a conditioned response
- Will eventually happen when the UCS dows not follow the CS

Spontaneous Recovery
- The reappearen after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response

Generalization
- The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

Discrimination
- The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS

Memory

- persistence of learning over time through the process of storage and retrieval of information
- 3 parts

Encoding 
- processing of info into the memory system

Storage
- retention of material over time

Retrieval 
- the process of getting the information out of memory storage
- Retrieval failure: forgetting something, or not getting the info out of storage

Recall vs. Recognition

Recall
- retrieve info from your memory
- ex: fill in the blank test

Recognition
- identify the target from possible targets
- ex: multiple choice tests

Flash Bulb Memory
- A clear moment of an emotionally significant event

Three types of Memory

Sensory
- the immediate initial recording of sensory information stored for just an instant and most info goes unprocessed

Short Term
- memory that holds a few items briefly
- can hold 7 digits
- if not stored here, goes to long term or its forgotten
- AKA working memory
- three parts: audio, visual, intergration of audio and visual



Long Term
- permanent and limitless storehouse of memory
- explicit memories
- implicit memories

Explicit Memories
- episodic memories
-semantic memories

Implicit Memories
- procedural memories
- conditioned memories

Encoding Information
- Primary Effect
- Recency Effect
- Serial Positioning Effect

Spacing Effect
- DO NOT CRAM
- Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve



The way we can encode
- Visual: the encoding of picture images
- Acoustic: encoding of sound, especially sounds of words
- Semantic: encoding of meaning

Constructive Memory
- Memories are not always what they seem
- Elizabeth Loftus
- Constructed memory is a created memory
- Misinformation effect

Forgetting
- Retroactive Interference: new info blocks out old info
- Proactive Interference: old info blocks new info

Storing Memories
- Long term Potential: long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously
-- In other words, they learn to fire together and get better at it, creating a memory

IQ TEST EXAMPLES